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itemProp="image" content="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d78eaa75bd1a25f1355e30f0e34029f4_200x112.jpg"/><meta itemProp="upvoteCount" content="3803"/><meta itemProp="url" content="https://www.zhihu.com/question/296809832/answer/501946651"/><meta itemProp="dateCreated" content="2018-10-01T10:23:13.000Z"/><meta itemProp="dateModified" content="2018-10-01T11:33:19.000Z"/><meta itemProp="commentCount" content="461"/><div class="RichContent is-collapsed"><div class="RichContent-cover RichContent-cover--mobile"><div class="RichContent-cover-inner"><div class="VagueImage" data-src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d78eaa75bd1a25f1355e30f0e34029f4_400x224.jpg"><div class="VagueImage-mask is-active"></div></div></div></div><div class="RichContent-inner"><span class="RichText ztext CopyrightRichText-richText" itemProp="text">2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予两位免疫学家：美国的詹姆斯·艾利森（James P。 Allison）与日本的庶佑（Tasuku Honjo） ，以表彰他们“发现负性免疫调节治疗癌症的疗法方面的贡献”。 [图片] 我们也许可以通过看看它的发展历史，来了解它到底是什么，以及对癌症的治疗意义。 一句话解释，免疫疗法就是指通…</span><button 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class="ContentItem AnswerItem" data-zop="{&quot;authorName&quot;:&quot;bmbxw&quot;,&quot;itemId&quot;:502216557,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;为什么率先发现 PD-L1 的华人学者陈列平教授没有获得 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖？&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;answer&quot;}" name="502216557" itemProp="answer" itemType="http://schema.org/Answer" itemscope=""><h2 class="ContentItem-title"><div itemProp="zhihu:question" itemType="http://schema.org/Question" itemscope=""><meta itemProp="url" content="https://www.zhihu.com/question/296814730"/><meta itemProp="name" content="为什么率先发现 PD-L1 的华人学者陈列平教授没有获得 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖？"/><a target="_blank" data-za-detail-view-element_name="Title" href="/question/296814730/answer/502216557">为什么率先发现 PD-L1 的华人学者陈列平教授没有获得 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖？</a></div></h2><div class="ContentItem-meta"></div><meta itemProp="image"/><meta itemProp="upvoteCount" content="648"/><meta itemProp="url" content="https://www.zhihu.com/question/296814730/answer/502216557"/><meta itemProp="dateCreated" content="2018-10-02T00:20:53.000Z"/><meta itemProp="dateModified" content="2018-10-02T00:20:53.000Z"/><meta itemProp="commentCount" content="66"/><div class="RichContent is-collapsed"><div class="RichContent-inner"><span class="RichText ztext CopyrightRichText-richText" itemProp="text">看不下去了，转一下业内做免疫的人的评论。转一下王俊师兄对这次生理医学诺奖的评价：今年的Nobel医学奖给得非常不伦不类，我感到非常不公正，也为陈教授鸣不平。理由如下： 1. 如果是因为发现基因得奖，那发现CTLA-4的是Pierre Goldstein ,发现PD1的是Honjo, 发现PD-L1的是陈教授。而PD-1之所以和其…</span><button type="button" class="Button ContentItem-more Button--plain">App 内查看<span style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center">​<svg class="Zi Zi--ArrowDown ContentItem-arrowIcon" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24"><path d="M12 13L8.285 9.218a.758.758 0 0 0-1.064 0 .738.738 0 0 0 0 1.052l4.249 4.512a.758.758 0 0 0 1.064 0l4.246-4.512a.738.738 0 0 0 0-1.052.757.757 0 0 0-1.063 0L12.002 13z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></button></div><div class="ContentItem-actions"><span><button aria-label="赞同" 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class="RichContent-inner"><span class="RichText ztext CopyrightRichText-richText" itemProp="text">[视频: Sexy And I Know It] 在我正在泡妞的时候，我眼中的自己。 有诗赞曰：萌帅我喵玉临风，年少多鱼爱壁咚，上天入地压铲屎，心狠手辣镇犬声。 [图片] ===我是视频答题专用号 @超女 ，全部问题都能用视频回答哦。欢迎关注，保质保量~~~</span><button type="button" class="Button ContentItem-more Button--plain">App 内查看<span style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center">​<svg class="Zi Zi--ArrowDown ContentItem-arrowIcon" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24"><path d="M12 13L8.285 9.218a.758.758 0 0 0-1.064 0 .738.738 0 0 0 0 1.052l4.249 4.512a.758.758 0 0 0 1.064 0l4.246-4.512a.738.738 0 0 0 0-1.052.757.757 0 0 0-1.063 0L12.002 13z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></button></div><div class="ContentItem-actions"><span><button aria-label="赞同" type="button" class="Button VoteButton VoteButton--up"><span style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center">​<svg class="Zi Zi--TriangleUp VoteButton-TriangleUp" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" 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data-state="{&quot;common&quot;:{&quot;ask&quot;:{}},&quot;privacy&quot;:{&quot;showPrivacy&quot;:false},&quot;loading&quot;:{&quot;global&quot;:{&quot;count&quot;:0},&quot;local&quot;:{&quot;topstory/getGuestFeeds/&quot;:false}},&quot;entities&quot;:{&quot;users&quot;:{},&quot;questions&quot;:{},&quot;answers&quot;:{&quot;501832512&quot;:{&quot;relationship&quot;:{&quot;voting&quot;:0,&quot;isThanked&quot;:false,&quot;isNothelp&quot;:false,&quot;upvotedFolloweeIds&quot;:[]},&quot;markInfos&quot;:[],&quot;excerpt&quot;:&quot;[视频: Sexy And I Know It] 在我正在泡妞的时候，我眼中的自己。 有诗赞曰：萌帅我喵玉临风，年少多鱼爱壁咚，上天入地压铲屎，心狠手辣镇犬声。 [图片] ===我是视频答题专用号 @超女 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class=\&quot;video-box\&quot; href=\&quot;http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.zhihu.com/video/1030099559548076032\&quot; target=\&quot;_blank\&quot; data-video-id=\&quot;\&quot; data-video-playable=\&quot;true\&quot; data-name=\&quot;Sexy And I Know It\&quot; data-poster=\&quot;https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-107ecdbdf2381071f7932d6510a4034b.jpg\&quot; data-lens-id=\&quot;1030099559548076032\&quot;&gt;              &lt;img class=\&quot;thumbnail\&quot; src=\&quot;https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-107ecdbdf2381071f7932d6510a4034b.jpg\&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;content\&quot;&gt;                &lt;span class=\&quot;title\&quot;&gt;Sexy And I Know It&lt;span class=\&quot;z-ico-extern-gray\&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;z-ico-extern-blue\&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                &lt;span class=\&quot;url\&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;z-ico-video\&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;https://www.zhihu.com/video/1030099559548076032&lt;/span&gt;              &lt;/span&gt;            &lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;在我正在泡妞的时候，我眼中的自己。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;有诗赞曰：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;萌帅我喵玉临风，年少多鱼爱壁咚，&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;上天入地压铲屎，心狠手辣镇犬声。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=\&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-b5b550f91f5feb530b77d1252b041228_b.jpg\&quot; data-size=\&quot;normal\&quot; data-rawwidth=\&quot;481\&quot; data-rawheight=\&quot;301\&quot; data-default-watermark-src=\&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-95655319782ca5c745a1ff3fab8087cc_b.jpg\&quot; class=\&quot;origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb\&quot; width=\&quot;481\&quot; data-original=\&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-b5b550f91f5feb530b77d1252b041228_r.jpg\&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption&gt;I am Sexy and I know it.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;===&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;我是视频答题专用号 &lt;a class=\&quot;member_mention\&quot; href=\&quot;http://www.zhihu.com/people/04d42e9d2633e30dd6bd4bdb2b70877e\&quot; data-hash=\&quot;04d42e9d2633e30dd6bd4bdb2b70877e\&quot; data-hovercard=\&quot;p$b$04d42e9d2633e30dd6bd4bdb2b70877e\&quot;&gt;@超女&lt;/a&gt; ，全部问题都能用视频回答哦。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;欢迎关注，保质保量~~~&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&quot;,&quot;commentCount&quot;:182,&quot;reshipmentSettings&quot;:&quot;allowed&quot;,&quot;thanksCount&quot;:251,&quot;excerptNew&quot;:&quot;[视频: Sexy And I Know It] 在我正在泡妞的时候，我眼中的自己。 有诗赞曰：萌帅我喵玉临风，年少多鱼爱壁咚，上天入地压铲屎，心狠手辣镇犬声。 [图片] ===我是视频答题专用号 @超女 ，全部问题都能用视频回答哦。欢迎关注，保质保量~~~&quot;,&quot;previewText&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isCopyable&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;answer&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:&quot;https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-107ecdbdf2381071f7932d6510a4034b_200x112.jpg&quot;},&quot;501946651&quot;:{&quot;relationship&quot;:{&quot;voting&quot;:0,&quot;isThanked&quot;:false,&quot;isNothelp&quot;:false,&quot;upvotedFolloweeIds&quot;:[]},&quot;markInfos&quot;:[],&quot;excerpt&quot;:&quot;2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予两位免疫学家：美国的詹姆斯·艾利森（James P。 Allison）与日本的庶佑（Tasuku Honjo） ，以表彰他们“发现负性免疫调节治疗癌症的疗法方面的贡献”。 [图片] 我们也许可以通过看看它的发展历史，来了解它到底是什么，以及对癌症的治疗意义。 一句话解释，免疫疗法就是指通…&quot;,&quot;createdTime&quot;:1538389393,&quot;updatedTime&quot;:1538393599,&quot;id&quot;:501946651,&quot;voteupCount&quot;:3803,&quot;canComment&quot;:{&quot;status&quot;:true,&quot;reason&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;isFollowed&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;identity&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;已认证的官方帐号&quot;},{&quot;topics&quot;:[],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;best_answerer&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;优秀回答者&quot;}],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;中国科普博览&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/people/da971e1f564d733611f6a9a51930c4aa&quot;,&quot;urlToken&quot;:&quot;zhong-guo-ke-pu-bo-lan&quot;,&quot;userType&quot;:&quot;organization&quot;,&quot;headline&quot;:&quot;我们科学家有话说&quot;,&quot;avatarUrl&quot;:&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/c1b4a75b500a354b1b6dfa2b7ddfefaf_b.jpg&quot;,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;isOrg&quot;:true,&quot;gender&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;da971e1f564d733611f6a9a51930c4aa&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/answers/501946651&quot;,&quot;commentPermission&quot;:&quot;all&quot;,&quot;question&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;isFollowed&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:[],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;芝士喵&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/people/e87569f166a116248b872adc679d5424&quot;,&quot;urlToken&quot;:&quot;tazhangzhishi&quot;,&quot;userType&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;headline&quot;:&quot;希望提的问可以绕地球八圈/喜欢所有活着的东西&quot;,&quot;avatarUrl&quot;:&quot;https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-74f5a66ad3a177a85198c9747576fe6d_b.jpg&quot;,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;isOrg&quot;:false,&quot;gender&quot;:1,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;e87569f166a116248b872adc679d5424&quot;},&quot;boundTopicIds&quot;:[8437,8978,161253,168309,230354],&quot;title&quot;:&quot;如何通俗地理解 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖「癌症免疫疗法」？它对癌症治疗的意义有多大？&quot;,&quot;excerpt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;answerCount&quot;:176,&quot;created&quot;:1538385414,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/questions/296809832&quot;,&quot;commentCount&quot;:33,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;followerCount&quot;:7496,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;question&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:296809832},&quot;previewType&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;&lt;p&gt;2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予两位免疫学家：美国的詹姆斯·艾利森（James P。 Allison）与日本的庶佑（Tasuku Honjo） ，以表彰他们&lt;b&gt;“发现负性免疫调节治疗癌症的疗法方面的贡献”&lt;/b&gt;。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=\&quot;https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-d78eaa75bd1a25f1355e30f0e34029f4_b.jpg\&quot; data-caption=\&quot;\&quot; data-size=\&quot;normal\&quot; data-rawwidth=\&quot;288\&quot; data-rawheight=\&quot;279\&quot; class=\&quot;content_image\&quot; width=\&quot;288\&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;我们也许可以通过看看它的发展历史，来了解它到底是什么，以及对癌症的治疗意义。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;一句话解释，&lt;b&gt;免疫疗法就是指通过自身的免疫系统来抗击癌症的疗法。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;很多人可能想不到，看似“时髦”“先进”的免疫疗法治疗癌症已经有超过百年的历史。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;早在19世纪末，美国骨科医生William B. Coley意外的发现手术后感染酿脓链球菌病人的癌症出现了缓解，第一次打开了免疫疗法治疗癌症的大门，他也被称作&lt;b&gt;“肿瘤免疫疗法之父”&lt;/b&gt;。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;而在20世纪60年代，澳大利亚免疫学家Burnet提出的“免疫监视理论”，也成为免疫疗法治疗癌症提供了重要理论。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;尽管免疫疗法治疗癌症似乎在实践上和理论上都有了一丝光亮，然而，&lt;b&gt;如何激活自身的免疫系统，特别是T细胞(可以理解为攻击细菌/癌细胞的“大炮”)来对抗癌症&lt;/b&gt;，成为科学家们关注的一个重要的方向。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1987年，来自法国的科学家团队&lt;b&gt;发现了T细胞上的一个跨膜受体CTLA 4&lt;/b&gt;(cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen)。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;这一蛋白是否会影响T细胞对癌细胞发挥作用呢？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=\&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-7e8c6985b585237729b2ac984158725b_b.jpg\&quot; data-caption=\&quot;\&quot; data-size=\&quot;normal\&quot; data-rawwidth=\&quot;459\&quot; data-rawheight=\&quot;258\&quot; class=\&quot;origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb\&quot; width=\&quot;459\&quot; data-original=\&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-7e8c6985b585237729b2ac984158725b_r.jpg\&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;James(Jim) P. Allison教授一直致力于研究免疫系统(特别是T细胞)和癌症的相互作用，特别是T细胞在癌症情况下的状态，癌细胞似乎通过一种“刹车”作用，抑制着T细胞发挥作用。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=\&quot;https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-a702f567bb895df1ea65e8aaf6092f66_b.jpg\&quot; data-caption=\&quot;\&quot; data-size=\&quot;normal\&quot; data-rawwidth=\&quot;483\&quot; data-rawheight=\&quot;362\&quot; class=\&quot;origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb\&quot; width=\&quot;483\&quot; data-original=\&quot;https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-a702f567bb895df1ea65e8aaf6092f66_r.jpg\&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;1996年，Jim Allison在小鼠实验中首次发现，CTLA 4扮演的就是“刹车”的角色，抑制CTLA 4能够激活T细胞持续的对癌症进行攻击。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;在随后的人体研究中，&lt;b&gt;CTLA-4抗体表现出色，为黑色素瘤患者带去了希望。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2011年3月25日，CTLA-4抗体制成的药物ipilimumab (Yervoy)经过FDA批准上市，用来治疗转移性黑色素瘤，这是免疫疗法的一次胜利。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;尽管Jim Allison不是第一个提出免疫疗法治疗癌症的人，但是Jim确实是将免疫疗法治疗癌症并应用于CTLA 4的实践中，也为后续的免疫疗法治疗癌症提供了新的思路。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;而说到CTLA 4，就不得不提到另外一个“刹车”分子 —— PD 1。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1992年，&lt;b&gt;日本京都大学免疫学家Tasuku Honjo 本庶佑教授&lt;/b&gt;发现了另外一宗位于T细胞上的重要免疫抑制受体分子PD 1(programmed death 1)。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;然而，真正将PD 1和免疫联系起来已经是7年以后了，这要归功于&lt;b&gt;耶鲁大学著名的华人科学陈列平教授&lt;/b&gt;了。他们发现肿瘤细胞表面的配体分子PD L1会通过和PD 1相结合，从而抑制T细胞激活从而发挥作用，这对于后面使用PD 1免疫疗法治疗癌症，提供了重要的实验基础。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;img src=\&quot;https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-3aab1d7b81fd8b2b867f25b662760c0c_b.jpg\&quot; data-caption=\&quot;\&quot; data-size=\&quot;normal\&quot; data-rawwidth=\&quot;554\&quot; data-rawheight=\&quot;615\&quot; class=\&quot;origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb\&quot; width=\&quot;554\&quot; data-original=\&quot;https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-3aab1d7b81fd8b2b867f25b662760c0c_r.jpg\&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;2014年，PD 1抗体Pembrolizumab(Keytruda)通过FDA批准上市，除了在黑色素瘤上的出色表现，也其他实体瘤的治疗效果，让众多的科学家们看到了治愈癌症的希望。而2015年美国前总统卡特经过Keytruda免疫治疗，脑内的肿瘤消失，则为PD 1疗法增加了“明星效应”的光辉。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;而2015年《新英格兰医学杂志》报道了一位49岁的黑色素瘤患者在CTLA 4抗体和PD 1抗体的联合使用3周后，转移瘤出现消失。这不仅仅大大增强了科学家们通过免疫疗法战胜癌症的信心，也表明CTLA 4和PD 1通过协同作用，联合抗癌。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;那么CTLA 4和PD 1的抗癌机制是否一致呢？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jim Allison实验室2017年发表在《细胞》杂志的上的结果显示&lt;b&gt;CTLA 4抗体和PD 1抗体是通过影响不同类型的T细胞来进行抗癌的免疫反应。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;与此同时，科学家们还发现过继型免疫疗法也能够用于治疗癌症。&lt;/b&gt;就是说，在体外培养改造患者自身的免疫T细胞，使其能够特异性识别和杀伤癌细胞，再重新回输灌注到患者体内，从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1989年，来自以色列威兹曼研究所的免疫学家Zelig Eshhar开发了CAR-T即在嵌合抗原受体T细胞，给出了特异性免疫识别的重要思路。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;在后续的临床研究中，CAR-T疗法在急性白血病的治疗上表现出了惊人的响应率(90% - 100%)。&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2017年，美国宾夕法尼亚大学基于CAR-T疗法提出的CTL019通过FDA批准上市。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;未来的癌症治疗&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;仍然是长路漫漫&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;尽管免疫疗法在治疗癌症上取了令人瞩目的成就，然而，我们还需要清晰的看到，真正意义的上的治愈癌症，还有很长的路要走。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;不管是CTLA 4抗体还是PD 1抗体疗法，都存在副作用强（如CTLA抗体疗法会引起结肠炎等）的问题，响应率较低，&lt;/b&gt;即并不是适合每一个癌症患者等问题。而&lt;b&gt;过继型疗法的特异性识别问题以及癌细胞本身的异质性导致的潜在的复发风险&lt;/b&gt;，都是治愈癌症路上的一道道“鸿沟”。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;作者：健康学人&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;出品：科普中国&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;监制：中国科学院计算机网络信息中心&lt;/p&gt;&quot;,&quot;commentCount&quot;:461,&quot;reshipmentSettings&quot;:&quot;allowed&quot;,&quot;thanksCount&quot;:553,&quot;excerptNew&quot;:&quot;2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予两位免疫学家：美国的詹姆斯·艾利森（James P。 Allison）与日本的庶佑（Tasuku Honjo） ，以表彰他们“发现负性免疫调节治疗癌症的疗法方面的贡献”。 [图片] 我们也许可以通过看看它的发展历史，来了解它到底是什么，以及对癌症的治疗意义。 一句话解释，免疫疗法就是指通…&quot;,&quot;previewText&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isCopyable&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;answer&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:&quot;https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d78eaa75bd1a25f1355e30f0e34029f4_200x112.jpg&quot;},&quot;502216557&quot;:{&quot;relationship&quot;:{&quot;voting&quot;:0,&quot;isThanked&quot;:false,&quot;isNothelp&quot;:false,&quot;upvotedFolloweeIds&quot;:[]},&quot;markInfos&quot;:[],&quot;excerpt&quot;:&quot;看不下去了，转一下业内做免疫的人的评论。转一下王俊师兄对这次生理医学诺奖的评价：今年的Nobel医学奖给得非常不伦不类，我感到非常不公正，也为陈教授鸣不平。理由如下： 1. 如果是因为发现基因得奖，那发现CTLA-4的是Pierre Goldstein ,发现PD1的是Honjo, 发现PD-L1的是陈教授。而PD-1之所以和其…&quot;,&quot;createdTime&quot;:1538439653,&quot;updatedTime&quot;:1538439653,&quot;id&quot;:502216557,&quot;voteupCount&quot;:648,&quot;canComment&quot;:{&quot;status&quot;:true,&quot;reason&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;isFollowed&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:[],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;bmbxw&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/people/63517997ab911a393e1752e8682b4240&quot;,&quot;urlToken&quot;:&quot;hmswei&quot;,&quot;userType&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;headline&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;avatarUrl&quot;:&quot;https://pic4.zhimg.com/da8e974dc_s.jpg&quot;,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;isOrg&quot;:false,&quot;gender&quot;:1,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;63517997ab911a393e1752e8682b4240&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/answers/502216557&quot;,&quot;commentPermission&quot;:&quot;all&quot;,&quot;question&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;isFollowed&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:[],&quot;name&quot;:&quot;永日&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/people/22acdc928b7141e068dc57a2aac985aa&quot;,&quot;urlToken&quot;:&quot;yong-ri-61&quot;,&quot;userType&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;headline&quot;:&quot;祖国尚未一统，岂谈儿女私情&quot;,&quot;avatarUrl&quot;:&quot;https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-56e989f0f61815814d7307d4ac961ba8_b.jpg&quot;,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;isOrg&quot;:false,&quot;gender&quot;:1,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;people&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;22acdc928b7141e068dc57a2aac985aa&quot;},&quot;boundTopicIds&quot;:[8437,18012,21859,168309,230354],&quot;title&quot;:&quot;为什么率先发现 PD-L1 的华人学者陈列平教授没有获得 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖？&quot;,&quot;excerpt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;answerCount&quot;:68,&quot;created&quot;:1538388012,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://api.zhihu.com/questions/296814730&quot;,&quot;commentCount&quot;:3,&quot;isFollowing&quot;:false,&quot;followerCount&quot;:664,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;question&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:296814730},&quot;previewType&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;&lt;p&gt;看不下去了，转一下业内做免疫的人的评论。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;转一下王俊师兄对这次生理医学诺奖的评价：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;今年的Nobel医学奖给得非常不伦不类，我感到非常不公正，也为陈教授鸣不平。理由如下：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. 如果是因为发现基因得奖，那发现CTLA-4的是Pierre Goldstein ,发现PD1的是Honjo, 发现PD-L1的是陈教授。而PD-1之所以和其他immune inhibitory receptors ,比如CTLA-4,LAG3/Tim3不一样的地方，是其配体在肿瘤微环境的调控作用,这点是其最特别的地方。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. 如果是因为发现新基因/pathway在肿瘤的治疗作用得奖。那发现CTLA-4抗体肿瘤治疗作用的是Allison,发现PD-L1/PD1途径抗体治疗作用的是陈教授，这点从文章和专利都有很多的证据。东大做了一点点肿瘤的工作，比陈教授都晚，而且Honjo只是挂名，这些工作还是东大另一个教授minato做的。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. 真正把PD1/PDL1 连在一起，发现interaction的不是Freeman，是Clive wood，后者因为种种原因，其贡献不为人所知。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. 得奖理由是”for the discovery of cancer therapy on negative regulation of inhibitory pathways” 听起来有点像第二点，但给的却是不伦不类的人物组合。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. 如果是考虑到给第三个人，可能造成给不了Freeman，有冲突。但因为发现interaction的是Wood,我觉得冲突应该不存在。当然也有朋友提到可能是最近瑞典中国游客事件的影响，这个有点扯，但是也不是没可能。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. 恭喜Allison和Honjo， 他们都是免疫领域的先驱。Allison codiscovered TCR, Honjo 还是AID的发现者。而陈教授是肿瘤免疫领域的先驱，给肿瘤免疫免疫调节分子的奖不给陈教授，是Nobel prize Committe的重大失误。当年TLR的奖漏掉了同在耶鲁的Ruslan, DNA 结构的奖漏掉了女性科学家Franklin , 他们的贡献，值得称道。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. 由衷感谢陈教授在肿瘤免疫领域三十年的踏实辛勤的耕耘。他是这个领域真正做出最有创造工作的科学家之一。从1992年第一次把B7分子引入肿瘤治疗，到发现4-BB, PD-L1/PD1, B7-H2/3/4, VISTA(PD-1H), LIGHT,RELT, B7-H5/CD28H，以及后续很多新分子新途径的抗肿瘤功能。毫不夸张的讲，陈教授奠定了肿瘤免疫免疫调节分子领域半个江山！这点也是独一无二的。这些贡献远远不止PD1/PDL1，拯救了无数肿瘤患者，也远远大于这个奖本身。&lt;/p&gt;&quot;,&quot;commentCount&quot;:66,&quot;reshipmentSettings&quot;:&quot;allowed&quot;,&quot;thanksCount&quot;:53,&quot;excerptNew&quot;:&quot;看不下去了，转一下业内做免疫的人的评论。转一下王俊师兄对这次生理医学诺奖的评价：今年的Nobel医学奖给得非常不伦不类，我感到非常不公正，也为陈教授鸣不平。理由如下： 1. 如果是因为发现基因得奖，那发现CTLA-4的是Pierre Goldstein ,发现PD1的是Honjo, 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